Are Wales' disused railway tunnels an untapped resource for tourism? Transforming closed tunnels could open up new transport links and become a sustainable resource for Wales.
Disused railway tunnels lie dormant across the Welsh landscape, but there are some who want to breathe new life into them. Should these dark and dingy passageways be left sealed up or could they be an untapped resource for tourism and commuting?
One old train tunnel in particular has captured the public's imagination in the last couple of years.
If reopened, the Rhondda tunnel - which is more than 3km (two miles) long would be the second longest walking and cycling tunnel in the world. And the Rhondda Tunnel Society, which has been set up in a bid to make the project a reality, has received widespread support, including from Hollywood actor Michael Sheen.
Gwyn Smith, from cycling charity Sustrans, described it as the "sexy" scheme, and said "it would be nice to bottle that enthusiasm for some of the other projects".
Last year he looked at 21 former railway tunnels in Wales to assess their potential as walking and cycling routes, at the request of the Welsh Government.
He shortlisted five as a priority Abernant, Rhondda, Tregarth, Pennar and Usk - and earmarked a further five "possibles".
A year on, one of them the Tregarth tunnel, in Gwynedd looks set to be ready for use by next spring. This could be used as a "pilot", Mr Smith said, before tackling the other, longer tunnels in South East Wales.
Tregarth would be the first major railway tunnel in Wales to be reopened. But across the Severn Bridge, the Two Tunnels Greenway in Bath has already been a success. At more than a mile long, the Combe Down tunnel is currently the longest cycling tunnel in Britain.
Mr Smith likened the Two Tunnels project to "a steeplechase through a minefield" before construction work began and said the Rhondda tunnel was similar in many ways.
He held the project up as an example of the difficulties faced in opening disused tunnels, but also the tourism it can attract.
"Both the Rhondda and Abernant tunnels could also be expected to have considerable impact as a tourist attraction," he said.
Frank Thompson, chairman of the community-based Two Tunnels Group, said their first meeting was in a pub in February 2005.
"The Two Tunnels Greenway opened on 2nd April 2013, so it was eight years from flash to bang," he said.
Mr Thompson said difficulties they faced included opposition from those who thought it would encourage muggings, vandalism and people sleeping in the tunnels.
He said this meant gates and a CCTV system had to be installed "at huge expense".
There were also "unforeseen and expensive infrastructure requirements", issues over land and infrastructure ownership, a planning application which took more than a year, bat surveys and the relocation of 50 adders.
The overall cost of opening was £4.2m for four miles of shared-use path, built by Sustrans with cash from the Big Lottery Fund.
But Mr Thompson said it had been "hugely successful", attracting visitors from all over the UK, Europe and beyond. A census after the first year of operation revealed more than 250,000 users.
"No two projects are the same and the Welsh projects will face their own challenges, including raising capital and recent and ongoing lack of support from local and central government," he said.
"The Two Tunnels Group wishes each project huge success. Perseverance is a key ingredient."
Graeme Bickerdike, editor of the Forgotten Relics website, said: "Two issues that all such schemes face now are the culture of risk aversion that pervades most public bodies and, obviously, the adverse economic climate."
Mr Bickerdike, who is providing engineering support to a group hoping to reopen Queensbury tunnel in West Yorkshire, said: "The Two Tunnel's campaign was fortunate in benefitting from the large pot of money available to Sustrans through the Connect2 lottery windfall and the fact that Combe Down tunnel was in excellent condition.
"Both the Queensbury and Rhondda tunnel proposals have come about 10 years too late and unfortunately the same will probably be true for any of the other Welsh tunnels where there are issues relating to their condition.
"That's not to say they are hopeless cases; only that the hill to climb will be very much steeper.
"Whilst many recognise their potential in terms of tourism, health etc., there is a clear - and sometimes understandable - resistance to take on such structures at 'official' level within statutory bodies."
Mr Smith agreed opening up the Welsh tunnels was a "long game".
"It would be nice to say 'you would be able to open up the Rhondda tunnel or Abernant tunnel for X amount of money'," he said.
"But with longer tunnels, unless you spend quite a lot of money doing engineering surveys, that final cost is unknown. You need to do so much work and then look at the benefit-cost ratio and you may find it's not worth doing.
"The hardest part is not the construction it's all the stuff that goes on beforehand.
"If you can have a project what we call 'shovel ready', there are more funding opportunities."
He said the shorter tunnels should be easier to open as there was not the fear that "people could jump out at me" as you can see from one end to the other.
The 2013 Active Travel Act says councils in Wales have to provide routes and consider cyclists and walkers when planning new road and rail links.
Mr Smith said he hoped the tunnels would be considered by councils when they do this.
Abernant tunnel
- Length: 2,283m
- Location: Between Merthyr Tydfil and Aberdare
Gwyn Smith said Abernant, as the second longest tunnel on the list, had high potential as a direct traffic-free route between Merthyr and Aberdare, that was close to Bike Park Wales and could be linked to the Taff Trail.
"The attractiveness of the Abernant tunnel is it has a much higher potential than the others for changing the way people travel," Mr Smith said.
"We looked at census data and we can tell people living in Aberdare and Merthyr Tydfil travel a lot between the two valleys."
He added: "When we were talking about it eight or 10 years ago, everyone thought we were mad. As time has gone on, more and more people are interested and it seems more likely to happen."
He said the councils at either end - Merthyr Tydfil and Rhondda Cynon Taff - were interested, but there was a "conflict of interest" for the latter because the Rhondda tunnel was high profile and Abernant tunnel was "sleeping".
A Merthyr council spokeswoman said they were exploring the possibility of opening the tunnel as part of developing the town as a visitor destination, and also connection to the wider trail network.
She said: "Discussions are ongoing with the landowners and key strategic partners, including Sustrans, and further feasibility development we are hoping will continue in 2017."
Rhondda Cynon Taf council has been asked to comment.
Gwynedd council's cabinet approved a recommendation to extend part of the Lon Las Ogwen path through the tunnel in June this year.
A council spokesman said the scheme, which will be funded by the local authority and through the Welsh Government's Local Transport Fund, would get under way early in the new year and it is expected work will be completed by April 2017.
The tunnel is already "shovel ready" and will be a "level and direct alternative to a steep climb and a road".
Gwyn Smith said: "There are reasonably good cost estimates of work to open it up and we could use it for cost estimates on shorter tunnels.
"What they learn and, perhaps, how it's run over the next couple of years will have a real impact on other bigger tunnels."
